The ENVI-met and EnergyPlus models were built based on field measurements on the green space of Xi’an Jiaotong University Qujiang Campus. The major objective of this research was to explore the cooling and energy saving benefits of SGs with administrative units. Different from urban parks, the cooling effect of small green space (SGs) has not been paid enough attention or fully evaluated. The contradiction between the shortage of urban land and the demand for urban green space needs to be solved reasonably. Meanwhile, comparing with the vague and restricted expression of objectives in multi-objective optimization, the proposed GP-based optimization method provides explicit trade-off relationships among various objectives for designers, which improves the practical value of the optimized designs, so as to ensure the project success and facilitate the development of green buildings. The optimization is carried out under the ideal air conditioning system, considering different energy usage patterns. In this case, the envelope-related variables, including the exterior wall and window, serve as optimization objectives. A case study with five possible design scenarios was dedicated in this study to implement the proposed optimization method, and the optimization results verified the capacity of the established GP-based optimization method to satisfy various design requirements for decision makers and/or stakeholders, especially in facing the hierarchical objectives with different priorities. Simultaneously, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to improve the efficiency of overall building energy performance optimization by processing multiple iterations. In this proposed method, EnergyPlusTM works as a simulation engine to search for the relationship between design parameter combinations and building energy consumption. In order to precisely express the goals of building designs, and help decision makers estimate the ultimate performance of design schemes in advance when searching for the optimal building design, the Goal Programming Model (GPM) is introduced in this study to provide a solution for explicit design objective delivery and multi-stakeholder involved decision-making support. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge of the aspects mentioned above, to promote continued progress in BIPV and to inform suitable standardization efforts.īuilding energy efficiency, which is critical in reducing environmental impact, has become one of the most important objectives of building designs. This is not the sole challenge for the electrical designers, as the special operating conditions of BIPV systems such as non-homogeneous irradiance complicate the electrical design and the forecasting of BIPV performance. However, architecturally adapted BIPV design may affect the electrical performance also, by reducing the efficiency of BIPV modules and systems compared to standard photovoltaic (PV) ones. The optical properties of BIPV modules, such as light transmittance or color rendering, also play a role in the search for a good balance between energy saving, electricity generation, aesthetics and visual comfort. Suitable standardization to evaluate heat transfer and solar heat gain by BIPV modules still need to be developed further since BIPV elements behave differently to the building elements they substitute. The energy-related behavior of BIPV modules includes thermal, solar, optical and electrical aspects. This paper reviews the main energy-related features of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules and systems, to serve as a reference for researchers, architects, BIPV manufacturers, and BIPV designers.
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